When is special authorization necessary for the release of sensitive information?

The requirement for special authorization for the release of sensitive information pertains primarily to instances where the information has the potential to cause harm to the patient. Sensitive information includes mental health records, substance abuse treatment information, and HIV status, among others. This type of information can have significant implications for a patient's personal and social wellbeing, and unauthorized disclosure could lead to discrimination, stigma, or emotional distress.

In situations where the information could lead to a negative impact on the patient, healthcare providers are obligated to ensure that specific safeguards are in place before releasing this data. This may involve obtaining the patient's explicit consent or authorization to disclose such sensitive information to ensure their privacy and to adhere to legal and ethical standards.

The other options do not inherently require special authorization. For instance, information requested by a third party or the patient themselves can often be released without special authorization, assuming proper procedures and consents are followed. Additionally, the age of the information does not typically influence the need for authorization for release.